SAS Training

What Is SAS?

• Introduction
• Getting Data into SAS
• A Sample SAS Program
• SAS Names
• SAS Data Sets and SAS Data Types
• The SAS Display Manager and SAS Enterprise Guide
• Problems

Writing Your First SAS Program

• A Simple Program to Read Raw Data and Produce a Report
• Enhancing the Program
• How SAS Works (a Look Inside the “Black Box”)
• Problems

Reading Raw Data from External Files

• Introduction
• Reading Data Values Separated by Blanks
• Specifying Missing Values with List Input
• Reading Data Values Separated by Commas (CSV Files)
• Using an Alternative Method to Specify an External File Contents
• Reading Data Values Separated by Delimiters Other Than Blanks or Commas
• Placing Data Lines Directly in Your Program (the DATALINES Statement)
• Specifying INFILE Options with the DATALINES Statement
• Reading Raw Data from Fixed Columns—Method 1: Column Input
• Reading Raw Data from Fixed Columns—Method 2: Formatted Input
• Using a FORMAT Statement in a DATA Step versus in a Procedure
• Using Informats with List Input
• Supplying an INFORMAT Statement with List Input
• Using List Input with Embedded Delimiters
• Problems

Creating Permanent SAS Data Sets

• Introduction
• SAS Libraries—The LIBNAME Statement
• Why Create Permanent SAS Data Sets?
• Examining the Descriptor Portion of a SAS Data Set Using PROC CONTENTS
• Listing All the SAS Data Sets in a SAS Library Using PROC CONTENTS
• Viewing the Descriptor Portion of a SAS Data Set Using the SAS Explorer
• Viewing the Data Portion of a SAS Data Set Using PROC PRINT
• Viewing the Data Portion of a SAS Data Set Using the SAS VIEWTABLE Window
• Using a SAS Data Set as Input to a DATA Step
• DATA _NULL_: A Data Set That Isn’t
• Problems

Subsetting and Combining SAS Data Sets

• Introduction
• Subsetting a SAS Data Set
• Creating More Than One Subset Data Set in One DATA Step
• Adding Observations to a SAS Data Set
• Interleaving Data Sets
• Combining Detail and Summary Data
• Merging Two Data Sets
• Omitting the BY Statement in a Merge
• Controlling Observations in a Merged Data Set
• More Uses for IN= Variables
• When Does a DATA Step End?
• Merging Two Data Sets with Different BY Variable Names
• Merging Two Data Sets with Different BY Variable Data Types
• One-to-One, One-to-Many, and Many-to-Many Merges
• Updating a Master File from a Transaction File
• Problems

Creating Formats and Labels

• Adding Labels to Your Variables
• Using Formats to Enhance Your Output
• Regrouping Values Using Formats
• More on Format Ranges
• Storing Your Formats in a Format Library
• Permanent Data Set Attributes
• Accessing a Permanent SAS Data Set with User-Defined Formats
• Displaying Your Format Definitions
• Problems

Reading and Writing Data from an Excel Spreadsheet

• Introduction
• Using the Import Wizard to Convert a Spreadsheet to a SAS Data Set
• Creating an Excel Spreadsheet from a SAS Data Set
• Using an Engine to Read an Excel Spreadsheet
• Using the SAS Output Delivery System to Convert a SAS Data
• Set to an Excel Spreadsheet
• Problems

Performing Conditional Processing

• Introduction
• The IF and ELSE IF Statements
• The Subsetting IF Statement
• The IN Operator
• Using a SELECT Statement for Logical Tests
• Using Boolean Logic (AND, OR, and NOT Operators)
• A Caution When Using Multiple OR Operators
• The WHERE Statement
• Some Useful WHERE Operators
• Problems

Performing Iterative Processing: Looping

• Introduction
• DO Groups
• The Sum Statement
• The Iterative DO Loop
• Other Forms of an Iterative DO Loop
• DO WHILE and DO UNTIL Statements
• A Caution When Using DO UNTIL Statements
• LEAVE and CONTINUE Statements
• Problems

Working with Dates

• Introduction
• How SAS Stores Dates
• Reading Date Values from Raw Data
• Computing the Number of Years between Two Dates
• Demonstrating a Date Constant
• Computing the Current Date
• Extracting the Day of the Week, Day of the Month, Month, and Year from a SAS Date Creating a SAS Date from Month, Day, and Year Values
• Substituting the 15th of the Month when the Day Value Is Missing
• Using Date Interval Functions
• Problems

Working with Numeric Functions

• Introduction
• Functions That Round and Truncate Numeric Values
• Functions That Work with Missing Values
• Setting Character and Numeric Values to Missing
• Descriptive Statistics Functions
• Computing Sums within an Observation
• Mathematical Functions
• Computing Some Useful Constants
• Generating Random Numbers
• Special Functions
• Functions That Return Values from Previous Observations
• Problems

Working with Character Functions

• Introduction
• Determining the Length of a Character Value
• Changing the Case of Characters
• Removing Characters from Strings
• Joining Two or More Strings Together
• Removing Leading or Trailing Blanks
• Using the COMPRESS Function to Remove Characters from a String
• Searching for Characters
• Searching for Individual Characters
• Searching for Words in a String
• Searching for Character Classes
• Using the NOT Functions for Data Cleaning
• Describing a Real Blockbuster Data Cleaning Function
• Extracting Part of a String
• Dividing Strings into Words
• Comparing Strings
• Performing a Fuzzy Match
• Substituting Characters or Words
• Problems

Working with Arrays

• Introduction
• Setting Values of 999 to a SAS Missing Value for Several Numeric Variables
• Setting Values of NA and? to a Missing Character Value
• Converting All Character Values to Lowercase
• Using an Array to Create New Variables
• Changing the Array Bounds
• Temporary Arrays
• Loading the Initial Values of a Temporary Array from a Raw Data File
• Using a Multidimensional Array for Table Lookup
• Problems

Displaying Your Data

• Introduction
• The Basics
• Changing the Appearance of Your Listing
• Changing the Appearance of Values
• Controlling the Observations That Appear in Your Listing
• Adding Additional Titles and Footnotes to Your Listing
• Changing the Order of Your Listing
• Sorting by More Than One Variable
• Labeling Your Column Headings
• Adding Subtotals and Totals to Your Listing
• Making Your Listing Easier to Read
• Adding the Number of Observations to Your Listing
• Double-Spacing Your Listing
• Listing the First n Observations of Your Data Set
• Problems

Creating Customized Reports

• Introduction
• Using PROC REPORT
• Selecting Variables to Include in Your Report
• Comparing Detail and Summary Reports
• Producing a Summary Report
• Demonstrating the FLOW Option of PROC REPORT
• Using Two Grouping Variables
• Changing the Order of Variables in the COLUMN Statement
• Changing the Order of Rows in a Report
• Applying the ORDER Usage to Two Variables
• Creating a Multi-Column Report
• Producing Report Breaks
• Using a Nonprinting Variable to Order a Report
• Computing a New Variable with PROC REPORT
• Computing a Character Variable in a COMPUTE Block
• Creating an ACROSS Variable with PROC REPORT
• Modifying the Column Label for an ACROSS Variable
• Using an ACROSS Usage to Display Statistics
• Problems

Summarizing Your Data

• Introduction
• PROC MEANS—Starting from the Beginning
• Adding a BY Statement to PROC MEANS
• Using a CLASS Statement with PROC MEANS
• Applying a Format to a CLASS Variable
• Deciding between a BY Statement and a CLASS Statement
• Creating Summary Data Sets Using PROC MEANS
• Outputting Other Descriptive Statistics with PROC MEANS
• Asking SAS to Name the Variables in the Output Data Set
• Outputting a Summary Data Set: Including a BY Statement
• Outputting a Summary Data Set: Including a CLASS Statement
• Using Two CLASS Variables with PROC MEANS
• Selecting Different Statistics for Each Variable
• Problems

Counting Frequencies

• Introduction
• Counting Frequencies
• Selecting Variables for PROC FREQ
• Using Formats to Label the Output
• Using Formats to Group Values
• Problems Grouping Values with PROC FREQ
• Displaying Missing Values in the Frequency Table
• Changing the Order of Values in PROC FREQ
• Producing Two-Way Tables

Creating Tabular Reports

• Introduction
• A Simple PROC TABULATE Table
• Describing the Three PROC TABULATE Operators
• Using the Keyword ALL
• Producing Descriptive Statistics
• Combining CLASS and Analysis Variables in a Table
• Customizing Your Table
• Demonstrating a More Complex Table
• Computing Row and Column Percentages
• Displaying Percentages in a Two-Dimensional Table
• Computing Column Percentages
• Computing Percentages on Numeric Variables
• Understanding How Missing Values Affect PROC TABULATE Output
• Problems

Introducing the Output Delivery System

• Introduction
• Sending SAS Output to an HTML File
• Creating a Table of Contents
• Selecting a Different HTML Style
• Choosing Other ODS Destinations
• Selecting or Excluding Portions of SAS Output
• Sending Output to a SAS Data Set
• Problems

Generating High-Quality Graphics

• Introduction
• Some Basic Concepts
• Producing Simple Bar Charts Using PROC GCHART
• Creating Pie Charts
• Creating Bar Charts for a Continuous Variable
• Creating Charts with Values Representing Categories
• Creating Bar Charts Representing Sums
• Creating Bar Charts Representing Means
• Adding Another Variable to the Chart
• Producing Scatter Plots
• Connecting Points
• Connecting Points with a Smooth Line
• Problems

Using Advanced INPUT Techniques

• Introduction
• Handling Missing Values at the End of a Line
• Reading Short Data Lines
• Reading External Files with Lines Longer Than Characters
• Detecting the End of the File
• Reading a Portion of a Raw Data File
• Reading Data from Multiple Files
• Reading Data from Multiple Files Using a FILENAME Statement
• Reading External Filenames from a Data File
• Reading Multiple Lines of Data to Form One Observation
• Reading Data Conditionally (the Single Trailing @ Sign)
• More Examples of the Single Trailing @ Sign
• Creating Multiple Observations from One Line of Input
• Using Variable and Informat Lists
• Using Relative Column Pointers to Read a Complex Data Structure Efficiently
• Problems

Using Advanced Features of User-Defined Formats and Informats

• Introduction
• Using Formats to Recode Variables
• Using Formats with a PUT Function to Create New Variables
• Creating User-Defined Informats
• Reading Character and Numeric Data in One Step
• Using Formats (and Informats) to Perform Table Lookup
• Using a SAS Data Set to Create a Format
• Updating and Maintaining Your Formats
• Using Formats within Formats
• Using Multilabel Formats
• Using the INPUTN Function to Perform a More Complicated Table Lookup
• Problems

Restructuring SAS Data Sets

• Introduction
• Converting a Data Set with One Observation per Subject to a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject: Using a DATA Step
• Converting a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject to a Data Set with One Observation per Subject: Using a DATA Step
• Converting a Data Set with One Observation per Subject to a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject: Using PROC TRANSPOSE
• Converting a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject to a Data Set with One Observation per Subject: Using PROC TRANSPOSE
• Problems

Introducing the SAS Macro Language

• Introduction
• Macro Variables: What Are They?
• Some Built-In Macro Variables
• Assigning Values to Macro Variables with a %LET Statement
• Demonstrating a Simple Macro
• Macro parameters
• Another Example of Using a Macro Variable as a Prefix
• Using a Macro Variable to Transfer a Value between DATA Steps
• Problems

Introducing the Structured Query Language

• Introduction
• Some Basics
• Joining Two Tables (Merge)
• Left, Right, and Full Joins
• Concatenating Data Sets
• Using Summary Functions
• Demonstrating an ORDER Clause
• An Example of Fuzzy Matching
• Problems